Once the air is out, if you flat-squeeze the tube to squish away the slime from the hole, then wipe off the slime with a cloth, you can do the scratch-up-and-patch to it same as any regular tube.
But if the slime couldn't plug the hole, it must've been a fairly large one. I've had holes as big as the 1/8" they specify for it plugged up ok with just the slime, though I have had to pump it just a couple strokes and then spin, or even let the hole sit at the bottom for a couple minutes till the slime runs down to the bottom (longer in cold weather), and then pump it a couple strokes, wait for any hissing to stop, pump some more, slowly until I've got it staying aired up. With any of the slime-only pluggings, though, I have to not try to take the tire off and check it, as that usually loses some of the slime that would've otherwise plugged the hole.
Since I use the chunky slime for tubeless tires in mine, though, it stops even bigger holes, up to 1/4" claimed, I think, though I don't recall the largest I've ever had plugged.
Of course, none of that helps with sidewall problems.
(well, it can, if you can get the bike or wheel laid down on it's side to where the slime will pool in that spot, but it's usually too high up the side to work for me).
But the last couple years or more (three, actually, I think) I haven't had a flat on the main bikes because of the slime protector strips, except for that one roofing nail in teh swarm of them that made it thru, and the blown valve stems on teh crappy tubes.