AFAIK the slime is a water-based carrier that contains lots of tiny little fibers, which clot in holes by lining up as the liquid floods out, then the liquid itself dries on the outside end with exposure to the ever-changing air in the tire itself (since it gets circulated thru the holes in the tire that are not plugged by slime, as the tire rotates and pressure changes at the holes). It doesn't dry inside the tube for a long time (at least 2 or 3 years) because typically the air inside stays the same with a little top-off here and there, so humidity stays high from the evaporation off the water-based carrier.
I've not tried this, but you could probably use corn starch, lots of water, and some of that fiber-supplement powder mix from health stores to make your own slime-replacement.
Regarding homemade liners, if you can get teflon tape you can make killer liners. If it is not very wide, just put the first layers out by the sidewall, in diagonally-overlapping sections on the partly-inflated tube. next layer can go up the top of the tube in circumferential strips, with a final center strip overlapping the ones from each side. That way you have layers that will cause any entering pointy object to slide off the teflon towards the side (like slime liners and such do) and not be as likely to puncture the tire. Thicker the tape, the better the puncture resistance, but the harder it is to layer it.
Similar things can be done with soda bottle plastic, but you will probably need to smooth all the edges with a heat source so that they do not cut into your tires.